Representaciones de la barbarie europea y americana durante los siglos XVI y XVII
Keywords:
Barbarian, Representations, Early Modern Europe, IdentitiesAbstract
The article studies visual and textual representations of barbarity in Early Modern Europe, in an attempt to trace the ways in which identity was constructed as a part of a conflictive relationship with others from the Old and New Worlds. Hence, the cases in which encounters with others triggered reflections by Europeans about their own existence in present and past times. The uses of the term “barbarian” in the relationships between the English and the Irish during the seventeenth century are also studied. In this case, the notion implied a denial of empathy and a dehumanization of the adversary that conditioned a series of mass killings and deportations
References
Africanus, J. L., A Geographical Historie of Africa, trad. de John Pory, Londres, 1600.
Aliggrodo, James, “To the Reader”, en Las Casas, Spanish Cruelties and Tyrannies, Perpetrated in the West Indies, Commonly Termed The Newe Found Worlde, Londres, 1583.
An eminent Person [Roger Williams], The Hireling Ministry none of Christs, Londres, 1652, y Hugh Peter, Mr. Peter’s last Report of the English Warres, 1646.
Avramescu, Catalin, An Intellectual History of Cannibalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2011.
Barker, Andrew, A true and certain report of the beginning, proceedings, ouerthrowes, and now present estate of Captain Ward and Danseker, the two late famous pirates…, Londres, William Hall, 1609.
Bellonci, M. y Niny Garavaglia, L’opera completa del Mantegna, Milán, Rizzoli, 1967.
Benveniste, Émile, “Civilisation. Contribution à l’histoire du mot” [1954], en Problèmes de linguistique générale, París, Gallimard, 1966, pp. 336-345.
Bernadette Bucher, Icon and Conquest. A Structural Analysis of the Illustrations of De Bry’s Great Voyages, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Bourchier Devereux, Walter, Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex in the Reigns of Elizabeth, James 1, and Charles 1, 1540-I646, Londres, 1853.
Bulwer, John, Anthropometamorphosis: Man transformed, or the artificiall changling, 1653.
Burucúa, José Emilio, “La noción de alteridad y el caso de la historia de Ulises en el Renacimiento”, Eadem utraque Europa, nº 4-5, 2007, pp. 191-228.
Burucúa, Jose Emilio y Lucio Burucúa (eds.), Nicolás de Cusa, Sobre la Paz de la Fe, Buenos Aires, Cálamo, 2000.
Camden, W., Britannia [1586], 1610.
Canny, Nicholas P., “Edmund Spenser and the Development of an Anglo-Irish identity”, Yearbook of English Studies, nº 13, 1983, pp. 16-17.
——, “The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America”, The William and Mary Quarterly, tercera serie, vol. 30, nº 4, 1973, pp. 575-598.
Carlton, Charles, Bigotry and blood, Chicago, Nelson-hall, 1977.
Cervantes, El Trato de Argel, en Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Obras Completas, Madrid, Aguilar, 1970, vol. i, p. 137, vv. 583-586, y p. 374.
Christ, Karl, “Römer und Barbaren in der hohen Kaiserzeit”, Saeculum, 10, 1959, pp. 273-280; Lieven van Acker, “Barbarus und seine Ableitungen im Mittellatein”, Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 1965, pp. 125-140.
Clüveri, Philippi, Germaniae Antiquae libri tres, Leiden, Ludovico Elzevier, 1616.
Colley, Linda, Captives: Britain, Empire and the New World, 1600-1850, Londres, Pimlico, 2003.
Cortés, Hernán, Cartas de Relación, México, Porrúa, 1969.
Crashawe, William, A Sermon Preached before Lord La Warre, Lord Governour and Captain General of Virginea, 1610, s/p, y Good Newes from Virginia, 1613.
Daborn, Robert, A Christian turn’d Turke: or, the Tragicall liues and deaths of the two famous pyrates, Ward and Danseker, Londres, William Berrenger, 1612.
Daniel, Norman, Islam and the West: the Making of an Image, Edimburgo, Edinburgh University Press, 1960.
Daniel, Samuel, History of England, 1612.
Davies, John, A Discovery of the True Causes why Ireland was never Entirely subdued, nor brought under obedience of the Crowne of England until the beginning of the happy reign of King James, en Henry Morley (ed.), The Carisbrooke Library, x, Londres, 1890.
Delison Hebb, David, Piracy and the English Government, 1616–1642, Aldershot, Scholar Press, 1994.
Diller, Hans, “Die Hellenen-Barbaren-Antithese im Zeitalter der Perserkriege”, Fondation Hardt, Entretiens viii, 1962, pp. 37-68.
Eden, Richard, “Preface” y trad. de Petrus Martyr Anglerius, The Decades of the newe worlde or West India, Londres, 1555.
Elias, Norbert, El proceso de la civilización. Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas [1939], México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1987.
Erasmo, “De bello Turcico” [1530], Weiler ed., Opera omnia, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1986.
Everhardts Cloppenburg, Jean, Le miroir de la cruelle, & horrible tyrannie Espagnole perpetre au Pays Bas, par le tyran Duc de Albe, & aultres comandeurs de par le Roy Philippe le deuxiesme On a adjoinct la deuxiesme partie de les tyrannies commises aux Indes Occidentales par les Espagnols. On verra icy la cruaute plus que inhumaine, comise par les Espagnols, aussi la description de ces terres, peuples et leur nature. Mise en lumiere par un Evesque Bartholome de las Casas, de l’Ordre de S. Dominic.) Tot Amsterdam Ghedruckt by Ian Ever’tss Cloppenburg, op’t Water tegen over de Koor Beurs in vergulden Bijbel, 1620.
Ferreira de Almeida, Maria Cândida, Tornar-se outro: O “topos” canibal na literatura brasileira, San Pablo, Annablume, 2002.
Fleming, Juliet, “The Renaissance Tattoo”, Anthropology and Aesthetics, nº 31, The Abject, 1997, pp. 34-52.
Hartog, François, Le miroir d’Hérodote: Essai sur la représentation de l’autre, París, Gallimard, 1980.
Frey, Herbert, “La mirada de Europa y el ‘otro’ indoamericano”, Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 58:2, 1996.
Gaudio, Michael, “The Truth in Clothing: The Costume Studies of John White and Lucas de Heere”, en Kim Sloan (ed.), European Visions: American Voices, British Museum Research Publication nº 172, Londres, British Museum, 2009.
——, Engraving the Savage. The New World and Techniques of Civilization, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2008, p. 12.
Goffart, Walter, “Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians”, The American Historical Review, vol. 86, nº 2, abril de 1981, pp. 275-306.
Greve, Anna, Die Konstruktion Amerikas. Bilderpolitik in den Grands Voyages aus der Werkstatt de Bry, ColoniaWeimar-Viena, Böhlau, 2004.
Hadfield, Andrew, “Briton and Scythian: Tudor Representations of Irish Origins”, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 28, nº 112, 1993, pp. 390-408.
Hale, Jhon, The civilization of Europe in the Renaissance, Nueva York, Scribner, 1994.
Harriot, Thomas, A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, directed to the investors, farmers and wellwishers of the project of colonizing and planting there, Londres, 1588.
Hay, Denys, Europe: the Emergence of an Idea, Nueva York, Harper Torchbooks, 1966.
Herodoto, Historias.
Heylyn, Peter, Cosmographie, Londres, 1657.
Hill, Christopher, Liberty against the Law, Londres, Penguin, 1996.
Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1585.
Hooker, John, “The chronicles of Ireland”, en Raphael Holinshed, Holinshed’s chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland [1587], 1808.
Hulton, Paul (ed.), The Work of Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, a Huguenot Artist in France, Florida, and England, Londres, British Museum Publications Ltd. nº 148, Londres, British Museum, 1977.
Hulton, Paul y David Beers Quinn, The American Drawings of John White 1577-1590. With drawings of European and Oriental Subjects, Londres, the trustees of the British Museum/Chapel Hill, North Carolina, The University of North Carolina Press, 1964.
Jones, W. R., “The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 13, nº 4, 1971, pp. 376-407.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, Apologética historia sumaria, México, unam, 1967.
Lazius, Wolffgang, Chorographia Austriae, Viena, 1561.
Le Challeux, Discours de l’histoire de la Floride, contenant la trahison des Espagnols, contre les subiets du Roy, Dieppe, 1566.
Léry, Jean de, Histoire d’un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil, La Rochelle, Antoine Chuppin, 1578.
MacLean, Gerald, “Ottomanism before Orientalism? Bishop King Praises Henry Blount, Passenger in the Levant”, en Ivo Kamps y Jyotsna G. Singh (eds.), Travel Knowledge: European Discoveries in the Early Modern Period, Nueva York, Palgrave, 2001.
Matar, Nabil, Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 1999.
Mazzarino, Santo, The End of the Ancient World, Nueva York, Faber & Faber, 1966.
Miziolek, Jerzy, Mity, legendy, exempla, Varsovia, Universidad de Varsovia, Instituto de Arqueología, 2003.
Mohd Ramli, Aimilia, “‘Licentious Barbarians’: Representations of North African Muslims in Britain”, Intellectual Discourse, vol. 17, nº 1, 2009, pp. 43-63.
Momigliano, Arnaldo, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography, Sather Classical Lectures 1961-1962, vol. 54, Oakland (ca), University of California Press, 1990.
Montaigne, Michel de, Essais, París, Éditions Fernand Roches, 1931.
Munster, Sebastian, Cosmographie, 1552.
Myscofski, Carole, “Imagining Cannibals: European Encounters with Native Brazilian Women”, History of Religions, vol. 47, nº 2/3, 2007-2008, pp. 142-155.
Nashe, Thomas, Christ’s Tears over Jerusalem [1593], en The Unfortunate Traveller and other Works, Londres, Penguin, 1972.
Nóbrega, Manuel da, Cartas do Brasil e mais escritos, ed. de Serafim Leite, Coimbra, Universidade da Coimbra, 1955.
O’Hara, David, English Newsbooks and Irish Rebellion, 1641-1649, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2006, p. 16.
Osborne, Francis, Advice to a Son, 1656, en Miscellaneous Works, 1722.
Pagden, Anthony, European Encounters with the New World, Londres y New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993.
Parker, Kenneth, “Reading ‘Barbary’ in Early Modern England, 1550-1685”, Seventeenth Century, 19, 2004, pp. 87-116.
Parker, W. H., “Europe: How Far?”, The Geographical Journal, vol. 126, nº 3, septiembre de 1960, pp. 278-297.
Pedro Mártir de Anglería, De Orbe Novo, 1530.
Pertusi, Agostino (ed.), La caduta di Constantinopoli, Milán, Mondadori, s.f.
Peter Burke, “Images as Evidence in Seventeenth-Century Europe”, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 64, nº 2,
, pp. 273-296.
Phillips, John, The Tears of the Indians: Being an Historical and true Account of the Cruel Massacres and Slaughters of above Twenty Millions of innocent People; Commited by the Spaniards, Londres, ed. de J. C. for Nath. Brook, at the Angel en Cornhill, 1656.
Pío II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), Lettera a Maometo II, ed. de Giuseppe Toffanin, Nápoles, Pironti, s/f.
Playfair, Robert Lambert, The Scourge of Christendom: Annals of British Relations with Algiers Prior to the French Conquest, Londres, Smith Elder, 1884.
Postel, Guillaume, De la République des Turcs et là où l’occasion s’offrera des meurs et louy de tous Muhamedistes, Poitiers, Enguilbert de Marnef, 1560.
Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes, 20 vols., Glasgow, James MacLehose, 1905.
Puttenham, George, The Arte of English Poesie [1589], ed. de Edward Arber, Londres, Alex Murray and Son, 1869.
Quinn, D. B., “New Geographical Horizons: Literature”, en F. Chiappelli (ed.), First images of America, Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1974.
Rich, Barnabe, A New Description of Ireland, 1616.
Rubiés, Joan-Pau, “New Worlds and Renaissance Ethnology”, History and Anthropology IV, 1993, 157-197.
——, “Texts, Images, and the Perception of ‘Savages’ in Early Modern Europe: What We Can Learn from White and Harriot”, en Kim Sloan (ed.), European Visions: American Voices, British Museum Research Publication nº 172, Londres, British Museum, 2009.
Salutati, Coluccio, Il trattato “De Tyranno” e lettere scelte, ed. de Francesco Ercole, Bolonia, Zanichelli, 1942, pp. 261-271.
Santihurst, Richard, The Chronicle of Ireland, en Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1585.
Schnapp, Alain, “Les Antiquités entre la France et l’Allemagne au xviiie siècle”, Revue germanique internationale, nº 13, 2001.
Schwoebel, Robert, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk, Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 1967.
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, Tratado sobre las Justas Causas de la Guerra contra los Indios, trad. de Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo y Manuel García-Pelayo, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1941.
Shaskan Bumas, E., “The Cannibal Butcher Shop: Protestant Uses of las Casas’s Brevísima relación in Europe and the American Colonies”, Early American literature, vol. 35, nº 2, 2000, pp. 107-136.
Sículo, Diodoro, The library of history, ed. y trad. de C. H. Oldfather et al., 12 vols., Londres, 1933-1957.
Siochrú, Michéal, “Atrocity, codes of conduct and the Irish in the British civil Wars 1641-1653”, Past and Present, nº 195, mayo de 2007, pp. 55-86.
——, “Propaganda, rumour and myth: Oliver Cromwell and the massacre at Drogheda”, en David Edwards, Padraig Lenihan y Clodagh Tait (eds.), Age of Atrocity. Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2007.
Smiles, Sam, “John White and British Antiquity: Savage Origins in the Context of Tudor Historiography”, en Kim Sloan (ed.), European Visions: American Voices, British Museum Research Publication nº 172, Londres, British Museum, 2009.
Smith, Ian, “Barbarian Errors: Performing Race in Early Modern England”, Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 49, nº 2, 1998, pp. 168-186.
Smith, Jonathan Z., “What a Difference a Difference Makes”, en Relating Religion: Essays in the Study of Religion, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Southern, Richard, The making of the Middle Ages, New Haven y Londres, Yale University Press, 1953.
Speed, John, The Historie of Great Britaine [1611], 1627.
——, The theatre of the empire of Great Britain, Londres, 1625.
Spenser, Edmund, A Veue of the present state of Irelande [1596], ed. de R. S. Bear a partir del texto que se encuentra en Grosart, 1894, University of Oregon, 1997.
Staden, Hans, Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen [La verdadera historia y descripción de un país de pueblos salvajes, desnudos, nefastos, comehombres en el Nuevo Mundo], 1557, reproducido en America, vol. iii, 1593.
Hampton, Timothy, “‘Turkish Dogs’: Rabelais, Erasmus, and the Rhetoric of Alterity”, Representations, nº 41, 1993, pp. 58-82.
Temple, sir John, The Irish rebellion, Londres, 1646.
Thevet, André, Les Singularités de la France antarctique, París, 1558.
——, The new found worlde, or Antarticke, trad. de T. Hacket, Londres, 1568.
Van Groesen, Michiel, The Representations of the Overseas World in the De Bry Collection of Voyages, 1590-1634, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2008.
Vico, Giambattista, La Scienza Nuova, ed. de Paolo Rossi (ed.), Milán, Rizzoli, 1977.
Virgilio, P., Anglica Historia [1534], Britannia, W. Camden, 1586.
Whatley, Janet, Introducción a su edición del texto de Jean de Léry, History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1992.
Williams, Raymond, Palabras Clave [1976], Buenos Aires, Nueva Visión, 2000.
